Research Articles
Browse research articles and scientific papers related to peptide research.
MK-677 (Ibutamoren): Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to MK-677 (ibutamoren) research covering oral dosing protocols, timing optimization, metabolic monitoring requirements, body composition assessment strategies, sleep study methodology, long-term protocol design, and management of common side effects.
Dr. Samuel Okafor, Dr. Keiko Yamashita, Dr. Martin Thorson
Dihexa: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Dihexa for laboratory research, covering handling of this potent compound, solution preparation for in vitro and in vivo studies, published dosing protocols from animal research, and critical safety considerations.
Dr. Philip Bhatt, Dr. Sarah Yamamoto
Noopept: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Noopept research covering oral, sublingual, and intranasal administration, dosing protocols from clinical trials, cycling strategies, storage requirements, and safety considerations.
Dr. Oleg Zuikov, Dr. Maria Fernandez
Cortexin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Cortexin research covering intramuscular administration protocols, dosing regimens for adults and children, treatment course design, storage requirements, and safety considerations.
Dr. Mikhail Studenikin, Dr. Olga Gromova
Selank: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Selank research covering intranasal administration protocols, dosage ranges, preparation methods, cycling approaches, storage requirements, and safety considerations for anxiety and cognitive research.
Dr. Vladimir Kozlov, Dr. Natalia Ushakova
Cerebrolysin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Cerebrolysin research covering intravenous and intramuscular administration protocols, dosing regimens from clinical trials, treatment course design, storage requirements, and safety monitoring.
Dr. Eduard Bornstein, Dr. Dafin Muresanu
Sermorelin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to sermorelin research and clinical use covering reconstitution procedures, dosing protocols from clinical trials and compounding pharmacy practice, administration timing, combination strategies, storage requirements, and comprehensive safety monitoring.
Dr. Marc Blackman, Dr. S. Mitchell Harman, Dr. Josephine Egan
MK-677 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comprehensive comparative analysis of MK-677 (ibutamoren) against injectable peptide GH secretagogues and exogenous GH, evaluating oral convenience, sustained IGF-1 elevation, metabolic trade-offs, tachyphylaxis resistance, and clinical evidence quality across research and therapeutic contexts.
Dr. Martin Thorson, Dr. Keiko Yamashita
Pinealon: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Pinealon research covering available formulations, dosing protocols from published literature, administration routes, cycling strategies, storage conditions, and safety considerations.
Dr. Igor Semyonov, Dr. Anna Lindqvist
SS-31 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of SS-31 (elamipretide) against NAD+ precursors for mitochondrial health and longevity, examining how direct cardiolipin stabilization compares with NAD+ cofactor restoration and their potential synergy for combating age-related mitochondrial decline.
Ryu D, Zhang H, Szeto HH
Noopept vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Noopept versus piracetam, Semax, and other nootropic compounds, examining potency differences, mechanistic distinctions, clinical evidence, and practical considerations for cognitive research.
Dr. Kirill Nazarov, Dr. Catherine Laurent
PEG-MGF: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for researchers working with PEG-MGF, covering reconstitution protocols, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration techniques, research dosing parameters, cycling considerations, and storage requirements.
Wang K, Li J, Zhang B
Liraglutide: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to liraglutide covering formulations, dose-escalation protocols for both diabetes and obesity indications, daily injection technique, comprehensive side effect management, storage and handling, monitoring requirements, and considerations for transitioning to newer agents.
Dr. David Chen, Dr. Rachel Morrison, Dr. Henrik Larsen
Hexarelin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to hexarelin research covering reconstitution, dosing for GH stimulation and cardiovascular applications, strategies for managing tachyphylaxis, combination protocols, cardiovascular endpoint measurements, and monitoring considerations.
Dr. Antonella Bhatt, Dr. Henrik Larssen, Dr. Francesca Luciani
Dihexa vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Dihexa versus established nootropics and neurotrophic agents, examining its unique HGF/c-Met mechanism against BDNF-based approaches, racetam nootropics, and cholinergic cognitive enhancers.
Dr. Leen Kawas, Dr. Thomas Murray
NAD+ Precursors vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of NAD+ precursors (NMN and NR) against SS-31 (elamipretide) for mitochondrial health and longevity, examining their distinct mechanisms of NAD+ biosynthesis versus cardiolipin stabilization and their potential synergy.
Zhang H, Ryu D, Auwerx J
Sermorelin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of sermorelin against CJC-1295, tesamorelin, exogenous growth hormone, and GH secretagogues, evaluating their mechanisms, regulatory status, clinical evidence, safety profiles, and practical advantages for research and clinical applications.
Dr. Alan Rogol, Dr. Vivian Hwa
Semax: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Semax research covering intranasal administration protocols, dosage ranges from clinical literature, preparation methods, cycling strategies, storage requirements, and safety considerations.
Dr. Alexei Volkov, Dr. Irina Sokolova
Testosterone Undecanoate: Comprehensive Research Overview
An extensive scientific review of testosterone undecanoate, the longest-acting injectable testosterone ester and the only oral testosterone formulation with established clinical efficacy, covering its unique pharmacokinetics, dual formulation strategies, clinical evidence, and role in modern TRT.
Dr. Farid Saad, Dr. Christina Wang, Dr. Ronald Swerdloff
Vasopressin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for vasopressin research in sexual health and social behavior contexts, covering formulations, intranasal and intravenous dosing protocols, experimental design for behavioral studies, storage conditions, safety monitoring, and critical cardiovascular precautions.
Dr. H. Elliott Albers, Dr. Kim L. Huhman, Dr. Aras Bhatt
SS-31: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to SS-31 (elamipretide) research covering reconstitution, dosing protocols for preclinical and clinical studies, storage requirements, administration techniques, combination strategies, and safety monitoring.
Karaa A, Szeto HH, Birk AV
LL-37: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to LL-37 research protocols, covering peptide preparation, reconstitution, dosage considerations for antimicrobial and immunomodulatory research, administration routes, in vitro and in vivo experimental protocols, storage requirements, and safety considerations.
Dr. Jan Johansson, Dr. Birgitta Agerberth, Dr. Oleg Chernyshov
Hexarelin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of hexarelin against other growth hormone secretagogues, examining its unique CD36 receptor activity, superior acute GH potency versus tachyphylaxis limitations, cardiovascular advantages, and positioning relative to GHRP-2, GHRP-6, ipamorelin, and MK-677.
Dr. Francesca Luciani, Dr. James Whitfield
Selank vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Selank versus benzodiazepines, Semax, and other anxiolytic agents, examining mechanisms, anxiolytic efficacy, cognitive effects, and safety profiles for anxiety and stress research.
Dr. Andrei Kovalenko, Dr. Sarah Mitchell
Kisspeptin-10: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for kisspeptin-10 research, covering peptide reconstitution, dosing protocols for intravenous and subcutaneous administration, experimental design considerations for reproductive hormone studies, storage requirements, and safety monitoring parameters.
Dr. Channa N. Jayasena, Dr. Ali Abbara, Dr. Waljit S. Dhillo
Cerebrolysin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Cerebrolysin versus synthetic neuropeptides and cholinesterase inhibitors, examining multi-target biological complexity versus single-mechanism precision in neuroprotection and dementia treatment.
Dr. Stefan Grigoleit, Dr. Yong-An Zhang
Liraglutide vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comprehensive comparison of liraglutide with semaglutide and tirzepatide, examining how this pioneering GLP-1 receptor agonist measures against newer-generation incretin therapies across efficacy, cardiovascular outcomes, safety, convenience, and clinical positioning.
Dr. Maria Gonzalez, Dr. Henrik Larsen
MGF: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for researchers working with native MGF peptide, addressing its unique stability challenges, reconstitution requirements, intramuscular administration techniques, and experimental design considerations.
Yang SY, Goldspink G
MOTS-c vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of MOTS-c against epithalon and humanin in the longevity peptide landscape, examining how AMPK-mediated metabolic optimization compares with telomerase activation and mitochondrial cytoprotection for anti-aging applications.
Reynolds JC, Lee C, Benayoun BA
TB-500: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical laboratory guide for TB-500 research covering reconstitution procedures, dosage protocols with loading and maintenance phases, subcutaneous and intramuscular administration techniques, cycling strategies, storage and stability data, and comprehensive safety considerations.
Dr. Samuel Brennan, Dr. Yuliya Kozlova, Dr. Philip Harding
DSIP: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to DSIP research covering reconstitution protocols, dosage ranges from clinical literature, administration timing, cycling strategies, storage requirements, and safety considerations for laboratory use.
Dr. Thomas Berger, Dr. Natalia Petrova
CJC-1295: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to CJC-1295 research covering both DAC and non-DAC forms, reconstitution procedures, dosing protocols from published literature, optimal administration timing, combination stacking strategies, storage requirements, and safety monitoring.
Dr. Daniel Marks, Dr. Isabella Ferreira, Dr. Andrew Kim
Syn-Ake: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Syn-Ake covering formulation concentrations, application protocols from clinical trials, in vitro muscle contraction assay methodology, stability parameters, and combination strategies with complementary anti-wrinkle peptides.
Werner Bauer, Christine Tran
Cortexin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Cortexin versus Cerebrolysin and synthetic neuropeptides, examining their composition, clinical evidence, practical considerations, and the trade-offs between complex biological extracts and defined synthetic compounds.
Dr. Igor Komoltsev, Dr. Anna Krasnikova
PEG-MGF vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of PEG-MGF against native MGF, IGF-1 LR3, and follistatin, examining how PEGylation changes the utility profile of MGF and how PEG-MGF fits within the broader landscape of muscle growth research peptides.
Philippou A, Maridaki M, Koutsilieris M
Thymosin Beta-4: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical research guide for Thymosin Beta-4, covering reconstitution protocols, dosage recommendations for various research applications, administration routes, cycling strategies, storage requirements, quality control, and safety monitoring for research settings.
Dr. Jonathan Philp, Dr. Kristin Maar, Dr. David Crockford
BPC-157: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for BPC-157 research covering reconstitution protocols, dosage calculations for various administration routes including oral and injectable, cycling strategies, stability and storage requirements, and comprehensive safety considerations based on published literature.
Dr. Irena Blazevic, Dr. Robert Calloway
Semax vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Semax versus Selank, Noopept, and other cognitive-enhancing peptides, examining mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, efficacy profiles, and practical considerations for neuroprotection research.
Dr. Elena Grigoreva, Dr. Marcus Weber
NAD+ Precursors: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to NAD+ precursor research covering NMN and NR selection, dosing protocols, storage requirements, biomarker monitoring, combination strategies, and safety considerations for laboratory and clinical applications.
Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI
Melanotan I: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to afamelanotide covering the approved clinical administration protocol, research dosing in investigational studies, melanin measurement methodologies, storage requirements, and regulatory considerations for clinical investigation.
Jonathan Wolff, Priya Sharma, Michele Donati
IGF-1 LR3: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for researchers working with IGF-1 LR3, covering reconstitution techniques, research dosing protocols, cycling parameters, storage requirements, and critical safety considerations including hypoglycemia management.
Clemmons DR, Underwood LE
Oxytocin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for oxytocin research, covering intranasal and injectable formulations, dosing protocols for social and sexual behavior studies, reconstitution procedures, storage requirements, experimental design considerations, and safety monitoring parameters.
Dr. Markus Heinrichs, Dr. Gregor Domes, Dr. Beate Ditzen
Testosterone Cypionate: Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of testosterone cypionate, the most widely prescribed testosterone ester in the United States, covering its chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, dosing protocols, side effect profile, blood level dynamics, and regulatory status.
Dr. Robert Katz, Dr. Jonathan Brewer, Dr. Michelle Tan
Tirzepatide vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of tirzepatide against semaglutide and liraglutide, focusing on the advantages and limitations of dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonism versus selective GLP-1 receptor agonism across efficacy, safety, and practical dimensions.
Dr. Andrew Callahan, Dr. Sarah Thornton, Dr. Kenji Yamamoto
Pinealon vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparison of Pinealon with DSIP and other sleep-recovery peptides, evaluating their respective mechanisms, clinical evidence, practical considerations, and potential synergistic applications in sleep and neuroprotection research.
Dr. Marina Volkova, Dr. Stefan Richter
Collagen Peptides: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to collagen peptide supplementation covering evidence-based dosing protocols, optimal timing and combinations, quality assessment criteria, storage requirements, and considerations for different health applications.
Stefan Oesser, Yoko Murakami
GHRP-6 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comprehensive comparative analysis of GHRP-6 against other GH secretagogues and related peptides, evaluating differences in GH potency, appetite effects, tissue-protective properties, hormonal side effects, and clinical applicability across research contexts.
Dr. Carlos Mendez, Dr. Ingrid Haugen
Ipamorelin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Ipamorelin research covering reconstitution protocols, dosing regimens from published literature, subcutaneous administration techniques, cycling strategies, storage requirements, and safety monitoring parameters.
Dr. Sarah Mitchell, Dr. Robert Andersen, Dr. Lisa Chen
Humanin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of humanin against epithalon and MOTS-c, evaluating their distinct approaches to combating age-related decline through cytoprotection, telomere maintenance, and metabolic regulation respectively.
Cohen P, Yen K, Lee C
Melanotan II: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A detailed practical guide for Melanotan II research, covering reconstitution procedures, research dosing protocols for both pigmentation and sexual function studies, administration techniques, cycling approaches, storage conditions, and critical safety considerations.
Dr. Michael E. Hadley, Dr. Fahad Al-Obeidi, Dr. Tomi K. Sawyer
Marine Collagen: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to marine collagen covering sourcing considerations, hydrolysis parameters, quality assessment, supplementation protocols from published studies, storage requirements, and allergen safety management.
Ryo Taniguchi, Maria Costa, Henrik Nielsen
MOTS-c: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to MOTS-c research covering reconstitution protocols, dosing strategies for metabolic and performance studies, storage requirements, administration routes, and safety monitoring recommendations.
Kim KH, Son JM, Lee C
Tirzepatide: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A comprehensive practical guide to tirzepatide covering available formulations, the detailed dose-escalation protocol, injection administration, management of common side effects, storage requirements, monitoring recommendations, and special population considerations.
Dr. Wei Zhang, Dr. Anika Patel
Syn-Ake vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Syn-Ake and Argireline as the two leading neuromuscular-targeting cosmetic peptides, examining their distinct receptor-level mechanisms, clinical efficacy data, and potential for synergistic combination.
Katrina Weiss, Samuel Cho, Isabelle Moreau
What is Dihexa? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of Dihexa (N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide), the extraordinarily potent angiotensin IV analog, covering its hepatocyte growth factor receptor mechanism, cognitive enhancement properties, and potential for neurodegenerative disease treatment.
Dr. Joseph Harding, Dr. John Wright, Dr. Caroline Benoist
Ipamorelin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of Ipamorelin against other growth hormone secretagogues including GHRP-6, GHRP-2, hexarelin, and MK-677, evaluating selectivity, efficacy, side effect profiles, and practical research considerations.
Dr. Elena Volkov, Dr. James Patterson
DSIP vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide and alternative sleep-promoting peptides including Pinealon, examining mechanisms, efficacy profiles, and clinical evidence for each approach to sleep optimization.
Dr. Andrei Kuznetsov, Dr. Rachel Thornton
MGF vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of native MGF against PEG-MGF and IGF-1 LR3, examining the trade-offs between localized potency and systemic bioavailability in muscle growth factor research.
Goldspink G, Harridge SD
Kisspeptin-10 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of kisspeptin-10 and PT-141 as sexual health peptides, examining their fundamentally different mechanisms, receptor targets, hormonal versus neurological pathways, clinical development status, and complementary roles in reproductive and sexual function research.
Dr. Alexander N. Comninos, Dr. Channa N. Jayasena
Collagen Peptides vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative evaluation of bovine collagen peptides, marine collagen, and bone broth peptides, examining differences in source material, collagen type composition, molecular weight, bioavailability, and clinical evidence.
Hiroshi Matsumoto, Claire Beaumont, Anders Lindqvist
LL-37 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of LL-37 versus alternative antimicrobial peptides and immune defense molecules, including defensins, melittin, nisin, Thymosin Alpha-1, and conventional antibiotics, evaluating antimicrobial spectra, immunomodulatory properties, resistance profiles, and therapeutic potential.
Dr. Joanna Koziel, Dr. Annelise Barron, Dr. Michael Zasloff
TB-500 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of TB-500 against BPC-157, GHK-Cu, MGF, and other tissue repair peptides, evaluating their distinct mechanisms, evidence quality, tissue specificity, practical considerations, and potential for synergistic combination protocols in regenerative research.
Dr. Katherine Ellsworth, Dr. David Popov
Matrixyl: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Matrixyl covering formulation approaches, concentration optimization, delivery vehicle selection, stability considerations, in vitro testing protocols, and integration with other cosmetic actives.
Philippe Guesnet, Diana Novak
Vasopressin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of vasopressin and oxytocin as social neuropeptides, examining their complementary roles in sexual behavior, pair bonding, and social cognition, with emphasis on sex-dependent effects, receptor cross-reactivity, and therapeutic implications.
Dr. C. Sue Carter, Dr. Larry J. Young
Thymosin Alpha-1: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Thymosin Alpha-1 research protocols, covering preparation, reconstitution, dosage recommendations, subcutaneous administration techniques, cycling strategies, storage conditions, safety monitoring, and contraindications for research applications.
Dr. Amanda Richardson, Dr. Paolo Boffi, Dr. Sung-Hee Park
GHRP-2: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to GHRP-2 in research settings, covering reconstitution procedures, dosing protocols, injection techniques, timing strategies, combination approaches with GHRH analogs, monitoring parameters, and storage requirements.
Dr. Elena Vasquez, Dr. Andrew Kirkland
Follistatin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for researchers working with follistatin, covering reconstitution protocols, research dosing parameters, storage requirements, stability considerations, and safety monitoring guidelines.
Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Malik V
PT-141: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A comprehensive practical guide for PT-141 (bremelanotide) research, covering reconstitution protocols, research dosage ranges, administration timing, cycling strategies, storage requirements, and safety monitoring considerations.
Dr. Robert M. Coates, Dr. Patricia A. Engel, Dr. David C. Linch
Epithalon vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of epithalon against humanin and MOTS-c, examining how these three longevity peptides target different hallmarks of aging through distinct mechanisms including telomerase activation, cytoprotection, and metabolic optimization.
Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW
Bone Broth Peptides: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to bone broth peptides covering preparation methods for consistent composition, analytical characterization approaches, supplementation protocols, heavy metal safety testing, and considerations for using bone broth in clinical research settings.
Nathan Cole, Ayumi Nakamura, Brendan O'Sullivan
What is Noopept? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of Noopept (N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester), the potent dipeptide nootropic developed in Russia, covering its unique mechanism combining neurotrophic factor modulation with glutamatergic enhancement, clinical evidence, and cognitive effects.
Dr. Rita Ostrovskaya, Dr. Tatiana Gudasheva, Dr. Sergei Seredenin
Argireline: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to Argireline covering formulation concentrations, application protocols from clinical studies, compatibility considerations, storage guidelines, and safety parameters for topical cosmeceutical research.
Laura Jimenez, David Kim
What is MK-677 (Ibutamoren)? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of MK-677 (ibutamoren), the non-peptide orally active growth hormone secretagogue, covering its benzolactam structure, oral bioavailability, sustained GH and IGF-1 elevation, clinical trial evidence in aging, body composition, bone density, sleep quality, and metabolic effects.
Dr. Martin Thorson, Dr. Keiko Yamashita, Dr. Samuel Okafor
GHRP-6: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to GHRP-6 research covering reconstitution, dosing strategies, appetite management, combination protocols, gastroprotective applications, monitoring parameters, and troubleshooting for common issues in GHRP-6 research.
Dr. William Stokes, Dr. Maria Gonzalez-Reyes
CJC-1295 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of CJC-1295 against other GHRH analogs and GH-stimulating compounds including sermorelin, tesamorelin, and direct GH secretagogues, evaluating their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and practical research applications.
Dr. Jonathan Kramer, Dr. Mei-Lin Wong
Oxytocin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of oxytocin and vasopressin, two structurally related nonapeptides with distinct but overlapping roles in sexual behavior, pair bonding, social cognition, and emotional processing, examining their receptor systems, sex-dependent effects, and complementary functions.
Dr. Larry J. Young, Dr. C. Sue Carter, Dr. Markus Heinrichs
Marine Collagen vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A head-to-head comparison of marine collagen with bovine collagen peptides and bone broth peptides, evaluating differences in collagen type profiles, molecular characteristics, bioavailability, sustainability, and application-specific evidence.
Ingrid Larsen, Tomoko Sato
Testosterone Enanthate: Comprehensive Research Overview
A detailed scientific review of testosterone enanthate, the predominant injectable testosterone formulation in European clinical practice, examining its chemical properties, pharmacokinetic profile, clinical applications in hypogonadism and TRT, dosing strategies, comparative pharmacology, and evidence base.
Dr. Hans-Georg Behre, Dr. Eberhard Nieschlag, Dr. Catherine Laurent
Epithalon: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to epithalon research covering reconstitution procedures, research dosing protocols, cycling strategies, storage requirements, and safety considerations for laboratory use.
Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK
Thymosin Beta-4 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Thymosin Beta-4 versus alternative tissue repair and regenerative peptides including BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and growth hormone secretagogues, evaluating mechanisms, evidence quality, clinical applications, and practical considerations.
Dr. Michael Grant, Dr. Sandra Philp, Dr. Liang Chen
What is Semax? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough review of Semax, the synthetic heptapeptide analog of ACTH(4-10) developed in Russia, covering its molecular structure, neurotrophic mechanisms, clinical applications in stroke and cognitive enhancement, and regulatory landscape.
Dr. Nikolai Myasoedov, Dr. Ludmila Andreeva, Dr. Pavel Dmitriev
What is PEG-MGF? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of PEGylated Mechano Growth Factor, examining how polyethylene glycol modification transforms the pharmacological properties of MGF and the current state of research on muscle repair and regeneration.
Deng M, Zhang B, Wang K
Argireline vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Argireline against other neuromuscular-targeting cosmetic peptides including Syn-Ake and Matrixyl, evaluating their distinct mechanisms at the neuromuscular junction and relative clinical performance.
Patricia Sanz, Hans Mueller, Yuki Tanaka
Semaglutide vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comprehensive comparison of semaglutide with tirzepatide and liraglutide, examining differences in receptor pharmacology, weight loss efficacy, glycemic control, cardiovascular outcomes, dosing convenience, side effect profiles, and cost considerations.
Dr. Marcus Jensen, Dr. Sarah Thornton
BPC-157 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comprehensive comparative analysis of BPC-157 against TB-500, GHK-Cu, and other healing peptides, examining their distinct mechanisms of action, tissue specificity, evidence base, administration routes, and potential synergistic applications in tissue repair research.
Dr. Stefan Kovacic, Dr. Megan Whitworth, Dr. Tobias Reiner
What are NAD+ Precursors? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of NAD+ precursors including NMN and NR, examining the NAD+ decline theory of aging, mechanisms of sirtuin activation, clinical trial evidence for metabolic and longevity benefits, and current regulatory status.
Verdin E, Sinclair DA, Martens CR
Melanotan II vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A systematic comparison of Melanotan II with PT-141 (bremelanotide), examining their shared melanocortin origins but divergent pharmacological profiles, receptor selectivities, clinical development paths, and respective roles in sexual health research.
Dr. Roger D. Cone, Dr. Carrie Haskell-Luevano
Melanotan I vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A unique comparative analysis of Melanotan I as an MC1R-selective tanning peptide, examining its distinct position relative to Melanotan II, natural UV tanning, and topical DHA-based self-tanners as approaches to skin darkening and photoprotection.
Caroline Beaumont, Rajesh Singhvi
What is Cerebrolysin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough review of Cerebrolysin, the porcine brain-derived peptide preparation, covering its complex composition, multi-target neurotrophic mechanisms, extensive clinical trial evidence in stroke and dementia, and global regulatory landscape.
Dr. Herbert Moessler, Dr. Xiao-Chun Chen, Dr. Alla Guekht
IGF-1 LR3 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparison of IGF-1 LR3 with MGF and PEG-MGF, examining how these three IGF-1 pathway peptides differ in their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and research applications for muscle growth.
Goldspink G, Yang SY
GHK-Cu: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide to GHK-Cu covering topical and injectable formulation approaches, concentration guidelines derived from published research, reconstitution protocols, storage requirements, and safety considerations for investigational use.
Thomas Wieland, Catherine Dubois, Raj Patel
Bone Broth Peptides vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative evaluation of bone broth peptides against purified collagen peptides and marine collagen, examining trade-offs between compositional complexity and standardization, clinical evidence, and practical considerations for different health applications.
Rebecca Holmes, Javier Mendez
What is Liraglutide? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of liraglutide, the pioneering GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Victoza and Saxenda, covering its development history, molecular structure, mechanism of action, comprehensive clinical trial evidence for diabetes and obesity, cardiovascular outcomes, and its role as the foundation of modern incretin-based therapy.
Dr. Henrik Larsen, Dr. Maria Gonzalez, Dr. David Chen
What is Selank? Comprehensive Research Overview
An in-depth review of Selank, the synthetic heptapeptide anxiolytic derived from tuftsin, covering its molecular design, GABAergic mechanisms, clinical research in anxiety disorders, immunomodulatory properties, and cognitive enhancement effects.
Dr. Tatiana Zozulya, Dr. Mikhail Seredenin, Dr. Olga Kost
Thymosin Alpha-1 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of Thymosin Alpha-1 versus other immune-modulating peptides and biologics, including interferon-alpha, thymosin beta-4, thymalin, and modern checkpoint inhibitors, evaluating mechanisms, clinical evidence, safety profiles, and therapeutic niches.
Dr. Laura Daniels, Dr. Franco Salvati, Dr. Wei-Lin Huang
GHRP-2 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparative analysis of GHRP-2 against other growth hormone secretagogues including GHRP-6, hexarelin, ipamorelin, and MK-677, examining differences in GH release potency, side effect profiles, receptor selectivity, and suitability for various research applications.
Dr. Rebecca Harmon, Dr. Lukas Brenner
Follistatin vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of follistatin against IGF-1 pathway peptides including IGF-1 LR3, MGF, and PEG-MGF, examining their distinct mechanisms of muscle growth promotion and potential complementary effects.
Lee SJ, McPherron AC
PT-141 vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparison of PT-141 (bremelanotide) with Melanotan II and PDE5 inhibitors, examining their distinct mechanisms of action, efficacy profiles, side effects, and clinical applications in sexual health research.
Dr. Irwin Goldstein, Dr. Arthur L. Burnett
Humanin: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide for researchers working with humanin and its potent analog HNG (S14G-humanin), covering reconstitution, dosing strategies, storage requirements, analog selection, and safety considerations.
Hashimoto Y, Bhatt N, Cohen P
Matrixyl vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A comparative analysis of Matrixyl with GHK-Cu and Argireline, examining the distinct mechanisms by which these cosmetic peptides address skin aging through matrix stimulation, gene modulation, and neuromuscular approaches respectively.
Nadia Petrovic, James Whitfield, Sun-Young Park
What is Cortexin? Comprehensive Research Overview
An in-depth review of Cortexin, the polypeptide complex derived from bovine/porcine brain cortex, covering its composition, neuroprotective mechanisms, Russian clinical evidence in stroke and neurodevelopmental disorders, and relationship to Pinealon.
Dr. Vladimir Khavinson, Dr. Svetlana Trofimova, Dr. Galina Ryzhak
GHK-Cu vs Alternatives: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparison of GHK-Cu with other cosmetic peptides including Argireline and Matrixyl, examining their distinct mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, and relative efficacy in anti-aging skin care applications.
Richard Baxter, Mei-Ling Huang
What is MK-677 (Ibutamoren)? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of MK-677 (Ibutamoren), the orally active non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor agonist, covering its discovery, molecular mechanism of action via the GHS-R1a receptor, effects on growth hormone and IGF-1 secretion, clinical trial evidence for body composition, bone mineral density, sleep quality, and muscle mass, pharmacokinetics, side effect profile, comparison with injectable GH secretagogues, and current regulatory status.
Dr. Ralf Nass, Dr. George Copinschi, Dr. Michael O. Thorner
What is Epithalon? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough review of epithalon (epitalon), the synthetic tetrapeptide developed by Vladimir Khavinson that activates telomerase to elongate telomeres, restore pineal gland melatonin production, and extend lifespan in preclinical models.
Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Kolchina NV
What is Collagen Peptides? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of hydrolyzed collagen peptides covering the major collagen types, enzymatic hydrolysis processes, bioavailability mechanisms, and clinical evidence for benefits in skin health, joint function, and bone density.
Eva Proksch, Juana Benedetti, Stefan Oesser
What is Ipamorelin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of Ipamorelin, the highly selective growth hormone secretagogue pentapeptide, covering its discovery, molecular structure, ghrelin-mimetic mechanism, clinical evidence from human trials, and current regulatory landscape.
Dr. Karen Rasmussen, Dr. Michael Thorner, Dr. Anne-Marie Kappelgaard
What is DSIP? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough review of Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP), covering its discovery in 1974, nonapeptide structure, multifaceted mechanisms of action, clinical research on sleep promotion and stress adaptation, and current regulatory status.
Dr. Helena Schneider, Dr. Viktor Morozov, Dr. James Whitfield
Testosterone Propionate: Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of testosterone propionate, the shortest-chain commonly used testosterone ester, examining its rapid pharmacokinetics, historical significance as the first clinically available testosterone ester, administration requirements, and clinical applications.
Dr. Michael Scally, Dr. Patricia Komesaroff, Dr. David Handelsman
Growth Hormone Secretagogues: Comparative Analysis
A detailed comparison of various growth hormone secretagogues including GHRP-6, GHRP-2, Ipamorelin, and CJC-1295. Analyzes efficacy, side effect profiles, and optimal usage protocols.
Dr. Amanda Foster, Dr. James Wilson
What is LL-37? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of LL-37, the sole human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, covering its discovery, structure, antimicrobial mechanisms, immunomodulatory functions, roles in innate immunity, wound healing, and cancer biology, and its therapeutic development status.
Dr. Margherita Zanetti, Dr. Robert Gallo, Dr. Richard Bucala
What is Hexarelin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of hexarelin, the most potent synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue, covering its molecular structure, receptor pharmacology, GH-releasing capacity, pronounced cardiovascular effects, neuroendocrine profile, tachyphylaxis characteristics, and clinical development history.
Dr. Francesca Luciani, Dr. James Whitfield, Dr. Antonella Bhatt
What is MGF? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of Mechano Growth Factor, the IGF-1 splice variant uniquely expressed in response to mechanical muscle loading, covering its discovery, molecular biology, satellite cell activation mechanism, and research findings.
Hill M, Goldspink G
Semaglutide: Practical Research and Usage Guide
A practical guide covering semaglutide formulations, dose-escalation schedules, injection technique, side effect management strategies, storage requirements, and monitoring protocols for research and clinical settings.
Dr. Caroline Whitfield, Dr. James Harrington, Dr. Anika Patel
What is Kisspeptin-10? Comprehensive Research Overview
A detailed scientific overview of kisspeptin-10, the minimal active fragment of the KISS1 gene product, examining its critical role in GnRH regulation, reproductive hormone axis control, emerging research in sexual arousal, and therapeutic potential for reproductive disorders.
Dr. Waljit S. Dhillo, Dr. Robert P. Millar, Dr. Stephanie B. Seminara
What is Syn-Ake? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of Syn-Ake (dipeptide diaminobutyroyl benzylamide diacetate), the synthetic venom-inspired peptide developed by Pentapharm, covering its nicotinic receptor antagonism mechanism and clinical evidence for expression wrinkle reduction.
Martin Gautschi, Angela Hartmann, Paolo Ruffini
What is TB-500? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of TB-500, a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4, covering its origin from thymic tissue research, molecular structure and actin-binding properties, mechanisms of tissue repair including cell migration and anti-inflammatory signaling, preclinical and clinical evidence, and current regulatory landscape.
Dr. Nathan Aldridge, Dr. Lucia Fernandez-Rios, Dr. Michael Driscoll
What is Pinealon? Comprehensive Research Overview
An in-depth review of Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg), the synthetic tripeptide bioregulator developed from Russian gerontology research, examining its epigenetic mechanisms, neuroprotective properties, circadian regulation effects, and clinical research findings.
Dr. Elena Khavinson, Dr. Dmitry Antonov, Dr. Sylvia Hartmann
What is Oxytocin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific overview of oxytocin, the nonapeptide hormone known for its roles in bonding, sexual function, and social behavior, covering its Nobel Prize-winning synthesis, receptor pharmacology, diverse physiological roles, and expanding clinical research applications.
Dr. C. Sue Carter, Dr. Markus Heinrichs, Dr. Gareth Leng
What is Humanin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of humanin, the first mitochondria-derived peptide discovered, examining its cytoprotective mechanisms, neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer disease, cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, and therapeutic potential for age-related conditions.
Yen K, Lee C, Cohen P
What is Marine Collagen? Comprehensive Research Overview
A detailed review of marine collagen peptides derived from fish and aquatic sources, covering their Type I collagen composition, superior bioavailability characteristics, and growing clinical evidence for skin health, wound healing, and antioxidant effects.
Kenji Yamamoto, Sofia Pereira, Li Wei
What is Tirzepatide? Comprehensive Research Overview
A detailed scientific review of tirzepatide, the first-in-class dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Mounjaro and Zepbound, examining its novel mechanism, molecular design, comprehensive clinical trial data, and its position as the most potent weight loss medication currently available.
Dr. Elena Petrova, Dr. Andrew Callahan, Dr. Wei Zhang
Peptide Stability and Storage: A Practical Guide
Essential information on maintaining peptide stability through proper storage conditions, reconstitution techniques, and handling procedures. Covers lyophilized and reconstituted peptide storage.
Dr. Robert Martinez, Dr. Lisa Zhang
What is CJC-1295? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of CJC-1295, the synthetic GHRH analog peptide, covering the distinction between CJC-1295 with and without DAC, its molecular structure, mechanism of action through the GHRH receptor, clinical trial evidence, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory status.
Dr. Samuel Teichman, Dr. Grace Liu, Dr. Philippe Laurent
What is Melanotan I? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of Melanotan I (afamelanotide), the synthetic alpha-MSH analog developed at the University of Arizona, covering its MC1R-selective mechanism, FDA approval for erythropoietic protoporphyria, and investigational photoprotective applications.
Victor Hruby, John Fink, Elizabeth Grimes
What is Thymosin Beta-4? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of Thymosin Beta-4, the 43-amino acid tissue repair and anti-inflammatory peptide, covering its discovery, actin-binding mechanism, roles in wound healing, cardiac repair, neuroprotection, and its relationship to the commercially available fragment TB-500.
Dr. Hynda Kleinman, Dr. Gabriel Sosne, Dr. Ildiko Bock-Marquette
What is GHRP-6? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6 (GHRP-6), one of the earliest synthetic ghrelin mimetics, covering its discovery, hexapeptide structure, GH secretion mechanisms, pronounced appetite stimulation, gastroprotective properties, cardioprotective effects, and clinical research history.
Dr. Carlos Mendez, Dr. Ingrid Haugen, Dr. William Stokes
What is IGF-1 LR3? Comprehensive Research Overview
An in-depth review of IGF-1 LR3, the synthetic long-acting analog of insulin-like growth factor-1, covering its structural modifications, enhanced bioavailability, mechanism of action, and research applications in muscle biology.
Francis GL, Ross M, Ballard FJ
What is Melanotan II? Comprehensive Research Overview
An in-depth scientific overview of Melanotan II, the cyclic alpha-MSH analog developed at the University of Arizona, examining its non-selective melanocortin receptor activity, dual effects on pigmentation and sexual function, safety profile, and regulatory status.
Dr. Victor J. Hruby, Dr. Christian Haskell-Luevano, Dr. Minying Cai
What is GHK-Cu? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough examination of GHK-Cu, the naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide discovered in human plasma, covering its molecular biology, gene-modulating mechanisms, and extensive research on wound healing, skin remodeling, and anti-aging applications.
Loren Pickart, Anna Margolina, Jessica Vasquez
What is SS-31? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of SS-31 (elamipretide), the mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin to optimize electron transport chain function, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance ATP production, with clinical trials in heart failure, Barth syndrome, and mitochondrial myopathy.
Szeto HH, Birk AV, Liu S
What is Vasopressin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific overview of vasopressin (arginine vasopressin/AVP), examining its structure, three receptor subtypes, classical roles in water balance and blood pressure, and expanding research on its involvement in sexual behavior, pair bonding, social cognition, and male-typical social strategies.
Dr. Larry J. Young, Dr. H. Elliott Albers, Dr. Zuoxin Wang
What is Matrixyl? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough examination of Matrixyl (palmitoyl pentapeptide-4), the procollagen fragment-based cosmetic peptide developed by Sederma, covering its matrikine mechanism, clinical evidence for wrinkle reduction, and the evolution to Matrixyl 3000.
Karl Lintner, Olivia Desjardins, Robert Chen
What is Sermorelin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of sermorelin (GHRH(1-29) analog), covering its discovery as the minimal bioactive GHRH fragment, FDA approval history, mechanism of action through the GHRH receptor, clinical evidence in growth hormone deficiency and aging, and current regulatory and therapeutic landscape.
Dr. William Sonntag, Dr. Maria Boguszewski, Dr. Andrew Hoffman
What is Argireline? Comprehensive Research Overview
An in-depth review of Argireline (acetyl hexapeptide-8), the SNAP-25 mimetic peptide developed by Lipotec, exploring its neuromuscular mechanism, clinical wrinkle reduction data, and positioning as a topical alternative to botulinum toxin.
Maria Blanes-Mira, Carlos Galvez, Elena Fernandez
Testosterone Suspension: Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive scientific review of testosterone suspension, the unesterified aqueous testosterone preparation, covering its historical significance as the original injectable testosterone, unique pharmacokinetics, immediate peak kinetics, clinical applications, and comparative pharmacology.
Dr. Adrian Dobs, Dr. Shalender Bhasin, Dr. Peter Snyder
What is Thymosin Alpha-1? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of Thymosin Alpha-1, the thymic peptide immune modulator marketed as Zadaxin, covering its discovery, molecular structure, immunological mechanisms, clinical evidence in viral hepatitis, cancer immunotherapy, and immunodeficiency, and its regulatory status worldwide.
Dr. Elena Marchetti, Dr. Richard Garaci, Dr. Cynthia Tuthill
What is Semaglutide? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of semaglutide, the GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Ozempic and Wegovy, covering its discovery, molecular structure, mechanism of action, landmark clinical trial results for type 2 diabetes and obesity, cardiovascular benefits, and regulatory history.
Dr. Caroline Whitfield, Dr. Marcus Jensen, Dr. Elena Petrova
What is BPC-157? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of Body Protection Compound-157 (BPC-157), covering its discovery from human gastric juice, pentadecapeptide structure, cytoprotective and angiogenic mechanisms of action, extensive preclinical evidence across multiple organ systems, limited clinical data, and current regulatory status.
Dr. Marko Vukojevic, Dr. Elena Petrovic, Dr. Jonathan Hargrove
What is GHRP-2? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough scientific review of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 (GHRP-2), covering its molecular structure, ghrelin receptor agonism, GH secretion kinetics, neuroendocrine effects, metabolic actions, and the extensive body of preclinical and clinical research establishing its pharmacological profile.
Dr. Rebecca Harmon, Dr. Takeshi Nakamura, Dr. Elena Vasquez
What is Follistatin? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough examination of follistatin, the naturally occurring glycoprotein that inhibits myostatin and activin, covering its discovery, molecular structure, isoforms, mechanism of action, and current clinical research status.
Robertson DM, Harrison CA, Findlay JK
What is PT-141? Comprehensive Research Overview
A thorough examination of PT-141 (bremelanotide), the first melanocortin receptor agonist approved for sexual dysfunction, covering its development from Melanotan II, mechanism of action on MC4R, clinical trial outcomes, and FDA approval as Vyleesi.
Dr. James A. Simon, Dr. Sheryl A. Kingsberg, Dr. Anita H. Clayton
What is MOTS-c? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of MOTS-c, the mitochondrial-derived exercise mimetic peptide that activates AMPK, translocates to the nucleus during metabolic stress, and demonstrates remarkable effects on metabolism, physical performance, and aging in preclinical models.
Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P
What is Bone Broth Peptides? Comprehensive Research Overview
A comprehensive review of bone broth peptides as collagen-derived bioactive compounds, covering their complex composition of amino acids, glycosaminoglycans, and minerals, alongside emerging research on gut health, joint support, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Daniel Salinas, Karen Bishop, Mikhail Petrov
BPC-157: Mechanisms of Tissue Repair and Regeneration
A comprehensive review of BPC-157's tissue repair mechanisms, including angiogenesis promotion, collagen production, and cellular migration enhancement. This study examines the peptide's role in healing various tissue types.
Dr. Sarah Johnson, Dr. Michael Chen, Dr. Emily Roberts
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